Preheat the oven to 350 F (177 C).
Pour the melted ¼ cup unsalted butter into a 9-inch round cake pan and tilt the pan gently so the butter evenly coats the bottom.In a large bowl, whisk together the ½ cup granulated sugar and 1 tablespoon cornstarch until thoroughly combined. Add the 2 cups fresh blueberries and 1 tablespoon lemon juice. Fold gently until the blueberries are evenly coated in the sugar mixture.
Transfer the blueberry mixture to the prepared cake pan and spread it into an even layer. Set aside.
In a medium bowl, whisk together the 1½ cups all-purpose flour, 1 teaspoon baking powder, and ½ teaspoon salt. Set aside.
In a large mixing bowl, use an electric mixer to cream the 1 cup granulated sugar and ½ cup unsalted butter together on medium speed until light and fluffy, about 2–3 minutes.
Add the ½ cup full-fat sour cream and 1 teaspoon vanilla extract and mix until smooth.
Add the 2 large eggs, mixing on low speed just until incorporated after each addition. Avoid overmixing.
Add the dry ingredients to the wet ingredients and mix on low speed just until combined. The batter will be thick and smooth.
Drop spoonfuls of batter evenly over the blueberry layer.
Use a silicone spatula or offset spatula to gently spread the batter into an even layer, taking care not to disturb the blueberries underneath.
Bake on the middle oven rack for 45–50 minutes, or until the top is golden brown, the center springs back lightly when touched, and a thin knife inserted into the center comes out clean.
Place the cake pan on a cooling rack and let the cake cool for exactly 20 minutes. Do not let the cake cool completely in the pan or the blueberry topping may stick.Run a thin knife carefully around the edge of the pan.Place a large serving plate or cake stand upside down over the cake pan. Carefully and confidently invert the cake onto the plate.Let the pan rest upside down for about 15–20 seconds before slowly lifting it off. If a few blueberries stick to the pan, simply spoon them back onto the cake.Allow the cake to cool to room temperature before serving or refrigerate and serve chilled if desired.